tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17418482411158909912024-03-13T04:38:03.492-07:00farmatologi (Stikes Dian Husada)iieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1741848241115890991.post-44325985437769296602011-06-20T23:43:00.000-07:002011-06-20T23:43:44.162-07:00pengertian obat anti jamur<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Antijamur </span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat antijamur terdiri dari beberapa kelompok yaitu : kelompok polyene (amfoterisin B, nistatin, natamisin), kelompok azol (ketokonazol, ekonazol, klotrimazol, mikonazol, flukonazol, itrakonazol), allilamin (terbinafin), griseofulvin, dan flusitosin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Azol</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span class="ft2"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Antijamur azol merupakan senyawa sintetik </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan aktivitas spektrum yang luas, <span class="ft2"><span style="font-family: Arial;">yang diklasifikasi sebagai imidazol (mikonazol dan ketokonazol) atau triazol (itrakonazol dan flukonazol) bergantung kepada jumlah kandungan atom nitrogennya ada 2 atau 3. Struktur kimia dan profil farmakologis ketokonazol dan itrakonazol sama, flukonazol unik karena ukuran molekulnya yang kecil dan lipofilisitasnya yang lebih kecil.</span></span> Pada jamur yang tumbuh aktif, azol menghambat 14-α- demetilase, enzim yang bertanggung jawab untuk sintesis ergosterol, yang merupakan sterol utama membran sel jamur. Pada konsentrasi tinggi, azol menyebabkan K<sup>+</sup> dan komponen lain bocor keluar dari sel jamur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0;"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Flukonazol </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Fluconazole.png"><span style="color: #0000cc; text-decoration: none;"></span></a> <b>Gambar struktur kimia Flukonazol</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Farmakologi : </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Flukonazol merupakan inhibitor <i><span style="font-family: Arial;">cytochrome P-450 sterol C-14 alpha-demethylation</span></i> (biosintesis ergosterol) jamur yang sangat selektif. Pengurangan ergosterol, yang merupakan sterol utama yang terdapat di dalam membran sel-sel jamur, dan akumulasi sterol-sterol yang mengalami metilase menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan sejumlah fungsi sel yang berhubungan dengan membran. Secara in vitro flukonazol memperlihatkan aktivitas fungistatik terhadap <i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cryptococcus neoformans</span></i> dan <i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Candida </span></i>spp.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrum : </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrum aktivitas antijamurnya sama dengan ketokonazol. Fluconazole memiliki spectrum yang luas meliputi Blastomyces dermatidis, Cocciodioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformus, Histoplasma capsulatum dan Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Obat ini aktif terhadap Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, dan C. parapsilosis, namun tidak peka terhadap C. krusei dan Torulopsis glabrata (sekarang diklasifikasikan ke dalam spesis Candida glabrata). Fluconazole aktif di dalam dermatophytosis namun tidak efektif di dalam aspergillosis dan mucormycosis. Pada pasien penderita neutropenik, manifestasi resistensi fluconazole yang paling umum adalah pada seleksi spesis Candida yang tidak biasa dijumpai, seperti C. krusei, yang memiliki resistensi intrinsik terhadap obat ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Farmakokinetik </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">: Flukonazol larut air dan cepat diabsorpsi sesudah pemberian oral, dengan 90% bioavailabilitas, 12% terikat pada protein. Obat ini mencapai konsentrasi tinggi dalam LCS, paru dan humor aquosus, dan menjadi obat pilihan pertama untuk meningitis karena jamur. Konsentrasi fungisidanya juga meningkat dalam vagina, saliva, kulit dan kuku.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan secara oral dengan fluconazole mengakibatkan terjadinya <b>absorpsi </b>obat secara cepat dan hampir sempurna. Konsentrasi serum identik diperoleh setelah pengobatan secara oral dan secara parenteral yang menunjukkan bahwa metabolisme tahap awal <i>(first-pass metabolism)</i> obat tidak terjadi. Konsentrasi darah naik sesuai dengan dosis dengan tingkat dosis yang bermacam-macam. Dua jam setelah pemberian obat secara oral dengan dosis 50 mg, konsentrasi serum dengan kisaran 1,0 mg/l dapat diantisipasi, namun hal ini terjadi hanya setelah dosis ditambah secara berulang-ulang hingga mencapai 2,0 sampai dengan 3,0 mg/l.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan fluconazole secara oral atau secara parenteral menyebabkan percepatan dan penyebaran <b>distribusi</b> obat. Tidak seperti obat antifungal azol jenis lainnya, protein yang mengikat fluconazole memiliki kadar yang rendah (sekitar 12%). Hal ini menyebabkan tingginya tingkat sirkulasi obat yang tidak terikat. Tingkat sirkulasi obat yang tidak terikat pada sebagian besar kelencar dan cairan tubuh biasanya melampaui 50% dari konsentrasi darah simultan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak seperti obat anti jamur azole jenis lain, fluconazole tidak dapat di<b>metabolisme</b> secara ekstensif oleh manusia. Lebih dari 90% dari dosis yang diberikan tereliminasi ke dalam urin: sekitar 80% dalam bentuk obat-obatan asli (tidak berubah komposisinya) dan 10% dalam bentuk metabolit. Tidak ada indikasi induksi atau inhibit yang signifikan pada metabolisme fluconazole yang diberikan secara berulang-ulang.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana eliminasi utama dalam hal ini adalah <b>ekskresi</b> renal obat-obatan yang tidak dapat dirubah komposisinya. Pada pasien yang memiliki fungsi renal normal, terdapat sekitar 80% dari jumlah dosis yang diberikan tercampur dengan urin dengan bentuk yang tidak berubah dan konsentrasi > 100 mg/l. obat jenis ini dibersihkan melalui filtrasi glomerular, namun secara bersamaan terjadi reabsorpsi tubular. Fluconazole memiliki paruh hidup serum selama 20-30 jam, tetapi dapat diperpanjang waktunya jika terjadi gangguan pada fungsi renal, dengan pemberian dosis terhadap pasien yang memiliki tingkat filtrasi di bawah 50 ml/menit. Fluconazole akan hilang selama haemodialysis dan pada sejumlah kasus terjadi selama dialysis peritoneal. Sessi haemodialysis selama 3 jam dapat mengurangi konsentrasi darah hingga sekitar 50%.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikasi : </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi sistemik, kandidiasis mukokutan, vaginal candidiasis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan Terapi : </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluconazole dapat digunakan untuk mengobati candidosis mukosa dan candidosis cutaneous. Selain itu, obat ini juga efektif untuk perawatan berbagai jenis gangguan dermatophytosis dan pityriasis versicolor.<b></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluconazole adalah jenis ramuan obat yang menjanjikan bagi perawatan penyakit candidosis stadium lanjut/berat pada pasien yang tidak menderita neutropenia, namun sebaiknya tidak digunakan sebagai pilihan utama pada pasien neutropenia kecuali jika terdapat alasan-alasan tertentu. Fluconazole telah terbukti bermanfaat untuk perawatan prophylaktat terhadap penyakit candidosis yang diderita oleh pasien pengidap neutropenik. Fluconazole tidak tidak efektif untuk mengobati aspergillosis dan mucormycosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluconazole merupakan jenis obat-obatan yang ampuh untuk mengatasi meningitis cryptococcal, tetapi tidak boleh dijadikan prioritas utama untuk pasien pengidap AIDS kecuali jika terdapat alasan-alasan tertentu. Fluconazole terbukti lebih efektif dan lebih dapat ditoleransi dibandingkan amphotericin B untuk mengobati atau mencegah terjadinya cryptococcosis pada pasien penderita AIDS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluconazole saat ini menjadi jenis obat yang menjadi pilihan banyak dokter untuk mengobati pasien penderita meningitis coccidioidal. Syaratnya, pasien tersebut harus tetap mengkonsumsi fluconazole selama hidupnya agar mencegah munculnya kembali penyakit yang sama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosis & Cara</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pemberian</span></b> : Flukonazol tersedia dalam bentuk kapsul 50 dan 150 mg dan infus 2 mg/ml. Dosis tunggal 150 mg. Modifikasi dosis perlu dilakukan pada pasien dengan gangguan ginjal..</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluconazole merangsang terjadinya absorpsi secara sempurna pada saat dilakukan pengobatan secara oral, sehingga jenis pengobatan oral menjadi prioritas utama. Flukonazol dapat dipakai dengan atau tanpa makanan Jika pemberian obat pada pasien tidak memungkinkan untuk diberikan lewat mulut, maka fluconazole diberikan dalam bentuk larutan intravena, atau melalui infus dengan kadar infus 5-10 ml/menit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaginal candidosis dapat diobati dengan fluconazole oral dengan dosis 150 mg. Sedangkan Oropharyngeal candidosis diobati dengan dosis 50-200 mg/hari selama 1-2 pekan. Candidosis jenis Oesophageal dan mucocutaneus serta candidosis saluran kencing bagian bawah memerlukan fluconazole dengan dosis 100-200 mg/hari yang diberikan selama 2-4 pekan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosis yang disarankan untuk pasien penderita cryptococcosis atau candidosis stadium lanjut adalah 400 mg/hari. Namun demikian, sejumlah praktisi klinik telah menggunakan dosis yang lebih tinggi lagi untuk mengatasi infeksi-infeksi yang membahayakan nyawa pasien. Lama waktu atau durasi perawatan akan berbeda sesuai dengan kondisi pasien itu sendiri, bergantung pada sifat dan jangkauan infeksi serta penyakit yang mendahuluinya. Diperlukan sekurang-kurangnya 6-8 pekan lamanya untuk mengobati pasien penderita cryptococcosis yang tidak mengidap AIDS. Dosis yang disarankan untuk anak-anak adalah 1-2 mg/kg untuk jenis candidosis superficial dan 5 mg/kg untuk cryptococcosis atau candidosis stadium lanjut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan jangka panjang menggunakan fluconazole dengan tujuan menyembuhkan pasien cryptococcosis yang juga menderita AIDS harus dilakukan pada dosis 200 mg/hari. Untuk mencegah candidosis pada pasien penderita neutropenik, maka dosis yang diberikan adalah 100-400 mg/hari. Pasien-pasien yang memiliki resiko tinggi terhadap serangan infeksi stadium lanjut harus diobati dengan dosis 400 mg/hari dan hal ini harus dimulai beberapa hari menjelang munculnya gejala neotropenia dan berlangsung selama 1 pekan setelah jumlah neutrofil kembali pada kisaran 1 x 109/l.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien yang menderita gangguan renal harus diberi dosis normal selama 48 hari pertama pengobatan. Segera setelah itu, interval dosis harus dilipatgandakan sampai dengan 48 jam (dengan kata lain, dosis dikurangi setengahnya). Hal ini berlaku bagi pasien yang memiliki tingkat pembersihan kreatinin 21-40 ml/menit. Sedangkan pasien yang memiliki tingkat pembersihan kreatinin 10-20 ml/menit interval dosis adalah 72 jam.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0 0 0 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">–<span style="font: 7pt ";"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien yang menderita haemodialysis secara reguler memerlukan dosis yang biasa yang diberikan setelah masing-masing tahap atau sesi dialysis.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehamilan dan menyusui : </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan pada masa kehamilan dan menyusui tidak direkomendasikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek samping : </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Sakit kepala, nyeri abdominal, diare, dan pusing. Ruam pada kulit bisa terjadi tapi jarang. Flukonazol bisa menyebabkan kerusakan hati pada kasus jarang. Fungsi hati harus dimonitor setelah beberapa hari penggunaan obat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluconazole adalah jenis obat yang dapat ditoleransi dengan baik. Efek samping yang paling umum terjadi adalah gastrointestinal seperti nausea (mual) dan nyeri pada bagian perut, namun jarang yang memerlukan diskontinuasi perawatan, khususnya pada pasien yang menerima dosis hingga 400 mg/hari. Elevasi asimptomatik transient tingkat transaminase serum relatif biasa terjadi pada pasien penderita AIDS, dan pengobatan harus dihentikan pada pasien penderita hepatitis simptomatik atau penderita gangguan fungsi hati.<b></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien penderita kanker atau AIDS memiliki kemungkinan untuk mengidap sindrom Stevens-Johnson (fatal exfoliative skin rashes), namun hubungan sebab akibat penyakit ini dengan fluconazole belumlah jelas, terutama jika penanganan dilakukan secara terus-menerus dengan obat-obatan jenis lain. Ada baiknya untuk menghentikan konsumsi fluconazole pada pasien penderita infeksi jamur superficial, di mana pasien tersebut mengalami pengelupasan kulit. Pasien penderita infeksi jamur stadium lanjut/berat yang juga mengalami pengelupasan kulit harus diawasi terus perkembangannya dan pemberian obat harus dihentikan jika terjadi luka yang serius atau erythrema multiforme.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan ketoconazole, fluconazole tidak menghambat metabolisme adrenal maupun steroid testicular manusia. Syaratnya, obat ini dikonsumsi dengan dosis yang tepat. </span></div>iieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1741848241115890991.post-2581641205190015132011-06-20T23:31:00.000-07:002011-06-20T23:31:07.825-07:00Bank soaL<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Discovery Informasi </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Siapa: Sir Humphrey Davy </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketika: 1807 </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Dimana: Inggris </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Nama Asal</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Dari soda; Na dari natrium Latin.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">"Sodium" dalam berbagai bahasa.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumber </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Diperoleh dengan elektrolisis natrium klorida dicairkan (garam), boraks dan cryolite (Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Alf </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium membuat sampai 2,6% dari berat kerak bumi, sehingga yang paling melimpah elemen keempat secara keseluruhan dan alkali logam paling berlimpah.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">produsen primer adalah Jerman, Polandia, Kenya dan Amerika Serikat.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">200 ribu ton logam natrium yang dihasilkan setiap tahun; garam (NaCl) sekitar 168 juta ton dan natrium karbonat sekitar 29 juta ton.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kelimpahan</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Universe: 20 ppm (berat) </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sun: 40 ppm (berat) </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Karbon meteorit: 5600 ppm </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kerak Bumi: 23000 ppm </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Air laut: 11500 ppm </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Manusia: 1.4 x 10 </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ppb menurut beratnya; 3,8 x 10 </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ppb oleh atom</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Menggunakan </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Digunakan dalam pengobatan, pertanian dan fotografi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">natrium cair kadang-kadang digunakan untuk mendinginkan reaktor nuklir.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Juga digunakan pada lampu jalan, sabun, baterai, garam meja (NaCl) (senyawa vital untuk hidup), dan kaca.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium (kata bahasa Inggris untuk yang soda) telah lama diakui dalam senyawa, tetapi tidak terisolasi sampai 1807 oleh Sir Humphry Davy melalui elektrolisis soda kaustik.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Di Eropa abad pertengahan suatu senyawa natrium dengan nama Latin sodanum digunakan sebagai obat sakit kepala.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">kimia Natrium's singkatan Na pertama kali diterbitkan oleh Jöns Jakob Berzelius dalam sistem nya simbol atom (Annals Thomas Thomson Filsafat) dan merupakan kontraksi natrium nama baru Latin elemen yang mengacu pada natron, garam mineral alam yang utama bahan adalah terhidrasi natrium karbonat dan yang historis memiliki industri rumah tangga dan beberapa yang penting menggunakan kemudian terkubur oleh abu soda, baking soda dan senyawa natrium lain. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium menanamkan warna kuning kuat untuk api.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada awal 1860, Kirchhoff dan Bunsen mencatat sensitivitas tinggi yang tes nyala untuk natrium bisa memberikan.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Catatan </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium berasal dari "soda bahasa Inggris kata" dan dari sodanum Latin abad pertengahan yang berarti obat sakit kepala.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium adalah unsur yang paling berlimpah keenam di dunia yang terdiri dari 2,6% dari kerak bumi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini adalah yang paling melimpah dari logam alkali.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Tidak pernah ada di alam, tetapi disiapkan oleh elektrolisis leburan natrium klorida benar-benar kering.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium klorida adalah garam meja umum yang penting dalam nutrisi hewan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">bentuk penting lainnya natrium adalah abu soda (Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> CO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ), baking soda (NaHCO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ), Chili sendawa (NaNO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) yang nitrat natrium.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Di alam natrium ditemukan dalam sendawa soda, cryolite (Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Alf </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ), amphibole dan zeolit.</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbG14mIylSEK6Q_XH5k1L-cp9iJCbTlOh0AynesN6rFHlCdAeKr2AIup8v9XNVF7re8SWvKE09hM6DULBdqsLeFRVmn38tnRhk74_UIW_vqiN29U_cjqb4VruMlp4Ib7yol7ZlGQ7AxxGf/s1600/swn_Na.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbG14mIylSEK6Q_XH5k1L-cp9iJCbTlOh0AynesN6rFHlCdAeKr2AIup8v9XNVF7re8SWvKE09hM6DULBdqsLeFRVmn38tnRhk74_UIW_vqiN29U_cjqb4VruMlp4Ib7yol7ZlGQ7AxxGf/s320/swn_Na.jpg" width="240" /></a> </div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">ion Sodium diperlukan untuk pengaturan darah dan cairan tubuh, transmisi impuls saraf, aktivitas jantung, dan fungsi metabolisme tertentu.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini secara luas dianggap bahwa kebanyakan orang di negara-negara Barat mengkonsumsi lebih dari yang dibutuhkan, dalam bentuk natrium klorida, atau garam meja, dan bahwa ini dapat memiliki efek negatif terhadap kesehatan.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Bahaya </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">bentuk logam Natrium adalah sangat eksplosif dalam air dan merupakan racun ketika tanpa gabungan dengan unsur-unsur lainnya.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk bubuk dapat terbakar secara spontan di udara atau oksigen.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">logam ini harus ditangani dengan hati-hati setiap saat.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium harus disimpan baik dalam suasana inert, atau di bawah hidrokarbon cair seperti minyak mineral atau minyak tanah.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi natrium dan air adalah satu akrab di laboratorium kimia, dan cukup aman jika jumlah natrium yang lebih kecil dari pensil penghapus yang digunakan, dan reaksi dilakukan di balik kaca pelindung plastik oleh orang-orang memakai pelindung mata.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Namun, reaksi natrium-air tidak skala dengan baik, dan berbahaya ketika sejumlah besar natrium digunakan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">potongan besar natrium meleleh di bawah panas reaksi, dan bola lelehan logam yang didukung oleh hidrogen dan tampaknya stabil bereaksi dengan air hingga percikan mencakup lebih dari massa reaksi, menyebabkan termal pelarian dan ledakan yang menceraiberaikan natrium cair dan larutan alkali.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hanya ada beberapa bahan yang sangat yang akan memadamkan kebakaran logam natrium, seperti Pyromet dan Met-LX.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Pyromet adalah NaCl / (NH </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> HPO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> campuran, dengan aliran / anti-rumpun agen.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini smoothers api, saluran pergi panas, dan meleleh untuk membentuk kerak kedap air.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini adalah extingusher kering-bubuk standar api tabung untuk semua kelas kebakaran.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Met-LX ini kebanyakan hanya NaCl, dengan sekitar 5% Saran sebagai-kerak bekas, dan beberapa aliran / anti-rumpun agen, dan yang paling sering tangan diaplikasikan dengan sendok.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada juga kebakaran exreme lainnya pemadam bahan - Lith-X adalah didasarkan grafit bubuk kering dengan flame retardant organofosfat, dan Na-X adalah Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> CO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> berdasarkan materi-.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Senyawa Natrium </span></span></h3><h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Boraks dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> B </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">7</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> - 10H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini adalah kristal banyak-sisi lembut putih yang mudah larut dalam air. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">banyak digunakan dalam deterjen, pelembut air, sabun, desinfektan, dan pestisida.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Penggunaannya dalam deterjen adalah karena kemampuannya untuk mengikat dan melarutkan partikel kotoran selain menghasilkan peroksida yang memiliki efek pemutihan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Salah satu kegunaannya yang paling banyak diiklankan adalah sebagai pembersih-tangan untuk pekerja industri.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan dalam pembuatan glasir enamel, kaca dan memperkuat tembikar dan keramik.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga mudah dikonversi menjadi asam borat atau borate, yang memiliki banyak aplikasi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga digunakan untuk membuat solusi buffer yang digunakan dalam analisis kimia.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejumlah besar boraks PENTAHYDRATE (Dengan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> B </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">7</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> - 5h </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O) digunakan untuk Manufacturing isolasi fiberglass dan isolasi selulosa sebagai penghambat api dan senyawa anti-jamur.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejumlah besar yang JUGA digunakan dalam Produksi natrium PERBORATE monohydrate untuk digunakan dalam deterjen.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Dinatrium guanylate (E627) C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">14</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> N </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> P</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebuah aditif makanan yang digunakan sebagai penambah rasa, berasal dari ikan kering atau rumput laut kering.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini ditemukan dalam mie instan, keripik (keripik kentang) dan makanan ringan, nasi gurih, sayuran kaleng, sembuh daging, sup paket.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Monosodium metil arsenate CH </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> AsNaO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> : Beracun:</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebuah herbisida arsen berbasis dan fungisida, salah satu jenis herbisida yang paling umum yang digunakan di lapangan golf. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium Benzoate (E211) C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> COONa</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagai aditif makanan itu digunakan sebagai pengawet, efektif membunuh paling ragi, bakteri dan jamur.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium benzoate efektif hanya dalam kondisi asam (pH kurang dari 3,6) membuat penggunaan yang paling umum dalam makanan seperti preserves, salad dressing (cuka), minuman bersoda (karbon dioksida), selai (asam sitrat), jus buah (asam sitrat) , dan saus makanan cina (kedelai, sawi, dan itik).</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga ditemukan dalam obat kumur berbasis alkohol.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Baru-baru ini, natrium benzoat telah menjadi jelas dalam minuman ringan, termasuk Sprite, Sunkist dan Dr Pepper.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini ditemukan secara alami dalam cranberry, plum, plum greengage, kayu manis, cengkeh matang, dan apel. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium bikarbonat NaHCO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> : iritan:</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Juga dikenal sebagai natrium hidrogen karbonat, baking soda, soda roti dan soda bikarbonat. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan sebagai antasida untuk mengobati asam pencernaan dan mulas.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk anhydrous juga digunakan untuk menyerap kelembaban dan bau; sebuah kotak terbuka dapat dibiarkan di lemari es untuk tujuan ini.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Namun, baking soda tidak benar-benar menyerap bau yang baik bila digunakan dalam lemari es.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketika digunakan dalam pasta gigi, baking soda membantu untuk lembut menghilangkan noda, memutihkan gigi, menyegarkan nafas, dan melarutkan plak. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini biasanya digunakan untuk meningkatkan pH dan alkalinitas total air untuk kolam renang dan spa.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium bikarbonat dapat ditambahkan sebagai solusi sederhana untuk memulihkan keseimbangan pH air yang memiliki tingkat tinggi klorin.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ia juga memiliki aplikasi militer.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Dingin natrium bikarbonat dapat digunakan untuk menghentikan agen kimia Fosfor Putih, sebuah alotrop umum fosfor sering digunakan di peluru pembakar, dari menyebarkan dalam luka seorang prajurit menderita.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium karbonat dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> CO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub> </h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Digunakan dalam pembuatan kaca, pulp dan kertas, deterjen, dan bahan kimia seperti natrium silikat dan natrium fosfat. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan sebagai pelunak air selama binatu.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ia bersaing dengan ion magnesium dan kalsium dalam air keras dan mencegah mereka dari ikatan dengan deterjen yang digunakan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Tanpa menggunakan soda cuci, deterjen tambahan diperlukan untuk menyerap ion magnesium dan kalsium.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Disebut mencuci soda di bagian deterjen toko, secara efektif menghilangkan minyak, lemak, dan noda alkohol.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketika digunakan dalam pasta gigi, baking soda membantu untuk lembut menghilangkan noda, memutihkan gigi, menyegarkan nafas, dan melarutkan plak. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium karbonat banyak digunakan dalam proses fotografi sebagai pengatur pH basa untuk mempertahankan kondisi yang stabil diperlukan untuk tindakan mayoritas pengembangan agen, juga digunakan oleh industri batu bata sebagai agen pembasahan untuk mengurangi jumlah air yang diperlukan untuk mengekstrusi tanah liat. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium Klorida NaCl </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium klorida, juga dikenal sebagai garam biasa, garam meja, atau garam karang.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium klorida adalah garam yang paling bertanggung jawab atas salinitas laut dan cairan ekstraselular pada banyak organisme multiselular.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini penting untuk kehidupan di Bumi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagian besar jaringan biologi dan cairan tubuh mengandung sejumlah garam bervariasi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Konsentrasi ion natrium dalam darah secara langsung berkaitan dengan ketentuan tingkat-cairan tubuh yang aman.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Perbanyakan impuls saraf oleh transduksi sinyal diatur oleh ion natrium.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(Kalium, logam yang erat kaitannya dengan Natrium, juga merupakan komponen utama dalam sistem tubuh yang sama).</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">SODIUM sitrat dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">7</span></span></sub> </h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Apakah terutama digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan makanan, biasanya untuk rasa atau sebagai pengawet.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium sitrat adalah umum dalam minuman ringan lemon-lime, dan itu adalah sebagian apa yang menyebabkan mereka untuk memiliki rasa asam mereka.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium sianida NaCN: Sangat beracun: </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Seperti potasium sianida yang sama, NaCN memiliki bau seperti almond pahit, tetapi tidak semua orang bisa mencium baunya. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium sianida digunakan untuk mengekstrak logam mulia emas dan lainnya dari bijih, dan kegiatan penambangan logam mengkonsumsi sebagian besar produksi natrium sianida.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium sianida adalah ilegal digunakan untuk mengumpulkan ikan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kecelakaan dengan solusi sianida adalah bahaya parah pada ekosistem perairan.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">garam Sianida adalah yang paling cepat bertindak dari semua racun yang dikenal.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sianida merupakan inhibitor potensial respirasi.</span></span><br />
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<ins style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 60px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 468px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="border: none; display: block; height: 60px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 468px;"></ins></ins><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium dodecyl sulfat CH </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> (CH </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">11</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> OSO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> dan</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Juga dikenal sebagai natrium lauril sulfat (SLS), adalah sebuah surfaktan ionik yang digunakan dalam produk rumah tangga seperti pasta gigi, shampoo, busa pencukur dan mandi gelembung untuk efek penebalan dan kemampuannya untuk menciptakan sebuah busa. </span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Seperti semua surfaktan deterjen (sabun termasuk), ia bisa menghilangkan minyak dari kulit, dan dapat menyebabkan iritasi kulit.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga mengiritasi mata.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini diduga bahwa SLS terkait dengan sejumlah masalah kulit seperti dermatitis, dan ketika digabungkan dengan bahan kimia tertentu, SLS dapat menjadi karsinogen. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium fluoride NaF </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Setelah digunakan untuk fluoridate air, bahan dalam pasta gigi yang mencegah gigi berlubang. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium iodida NaI </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium iodida umumnya digunakan untuk mengobati dan mencegah defisiensi yodium.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">kristal padat dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi radiasi (misalnya radiasi dari uranium) - kristal natrium iodida yang solid menciptakan pulsa cahaya saat radiasi berinteraksi dengan itu.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium hipoklorit NaOCl </span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Suatu larutan sodium hipoklorit sering digunakan sebagai disinfektan dan sebagai agen pemutih, memang, sering hanya disebut "pemutih", meskipun bahan kimia lainnya kadang diberi nama itu juga. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium metabisulfit Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> S </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub> </h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan makanan, terutama sebagai pengawet dan kadang-kadang diidentifikasi sebagai E223.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagai tambahan, dapat menyebabkan reaksi alergi, terutama iritasi kulit, iritasi lambung dan asma.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini tidak dianjurkan untuk dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini biasanya digunakan dalam homebrewing persiapan untuk membersihkan peralatan. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium monofluorophosphate, dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> PO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> F</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hotel ini dikenal sebagai bahan dalam pasta gigi bagi manusia dan hewan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini diklaim untuk melindungi email gigi dari serangan oleh bakteri yang menyebabkan karies gigi (gigi berlubang).</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Meskipun dikembangkan oleh seorang ahli kimia di Procter dan Gamble, penggunaannya dalam pasta gigi (Colgate pasta gigi) telah dipatenkan oleh Colgate-Palmolive, seperti Procter and Gamble bergerak dalam bidang pemasaran pasta gigi Crest (mengandung fluorida stannous).</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga digunakan dalam beberapa obat untuk pengobatan osteoporosis. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium nitrat NaNO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub> </h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hotel ini dikenal sebagai bahan dalam pasta gigi bagi manusia dan hewan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini diklaim untuk melindungi email gigi dari serangan oleh bakteri yang menyebabkan karies gigi (gigi berlubang).</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Meskipun dikembangkan oleh seorang ahli kimia di Procter dan Gamble, penggunaannya dalam pasta gigi (Colgate pasta gigi) telah dipatenkan oleh Colgate-Palmolive, seperti Procter and Gamble bergerak dalam bidang pemasaran pasta gigi Crest (mengandung fluorida stannous).</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini dapat digunakan dalam produksi asam nitrat dengan menggabungkan dengan asam sulfat dan pemisahan selanjutnya melalui distilasi fraksional dari asam nitrat, meninggalkan residu natrium bisulfat. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium nitrit NaNO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub> </h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebagai aditif makanan, melayani tujuan ganda dalam industri makanan karena kedua mengubah warna ikan diawetkan dan daging dan juga mencegah pertumbuhan Clostridium botulinum, bakteri yang menyebabkan botulisme.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Di Uni Eropa itu hanya dapat digunakan sebagai campuran dengan garam yang mengandung natrium nitrit paling 0,6%.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini memiliki nomor E E250.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Berbagai bahaya menggunakan bahan kimia sebagai bahan tambahan makanan telah diusulkan dan diteliti oleh ilmuwan, walaupun tidak ada bukti telah diajukan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kekhawatiran utama adalah pembentukan karsinogenik-nitrosamin N melalui reaksi dengan natrium nitrit; bahan lainnya sering ditambahkan untuk mencegah reaksi nitrosamine-menghasilkan.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium nitrit juga telah digunakan dalam pengobatan manusia dan hewan sebagai vasodilator, bronkodilator, sebuah relaksasi usus atau pencahar, dan penangkal untuk keracunan sianida. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium persulfat Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> S </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> : iritan:</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan sebagai pemutih, baik standalone (terutama dalam kosmetik rambut) dan sebagai komponen deterjen.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini adalah pengganti amonium persulfat dalam campuran untuk mengetsa seng dan papan sirkuit tercetak, dan digunakan untuk pengawetan tembaga dan beberapa logam lainnya.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini adalah sumber radikal bebas, sehingga bermanfaat sebagai inisiator untuk misalnya.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">emulsi polimerisasi reaksi dan untuk pengobatan akselerasi perekat formaldehida rendah.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga digunakan sebagai kondisioner tanah dan dalam pembuatan pengolahan bahan celup, modifikasi pati, penggerak pemutih, desizing agen untuk desizing oksidatif.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium propionat, dan (C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> COO)</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Digunakan sebagai inhibitor jamur di produk roti. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium pirofosfat Na (C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> COO) [ber Beracun: Mild iritan]</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium pirofosfat digunakan sebagai buffer, emulsifier, dan agen penebalan, dan sering digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan makanan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Common makanan yang mengandung natrium pirofosfat termasuk chicken nugget, marshmallow, daging kepiting, kepiting imitasi, dan alternatif kedelai berbasis daging.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Dalam pasta gigi, pirofosfat natrium bertindak sebagai agen kontrol tartar, yang berfungsi untuk menghilangkan kalsium dan magnesium dari air liur dan dengan demikian mencegah mereka dari yang disimpan pada gigi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium pirofosfat kadang-kadang digunakan dalam deterjen rumah tangga untuk mencegah deposisi serupa pada pakaian, tetapi karena kadar fosfat yang menyebabkan eutrofikasi air, meningkatkan pertumbuhan alga.</span></span></div><h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Selenia Na Natrium </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Se </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> : Beracun:</span></span></h3></div><div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini adalah sumber selenium dalam suplemen makanan banyak.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Meskipun selenium bersifat racun, perlu dicatat bahwa selenium sangat penting dalam jumlah kecil.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Manusia dan hewan memerlukan selenium untuk fungsi dari sejumlah enzim selenium yang tergantung, juga dikenal sebagai selenoproteins.</span></span></div><h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium silicoaluminate </span></span></h3><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">agen Anticaking ditambahkan ke berbagai produk termasuk garam meja dan produk makanan lainnya, bubuk, dan cat rumah untuk mencegah pembentukan kristal besar atau benjolan. </span></span></div><h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium Stearate C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">17</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">35</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> COONa</span></span></h3><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Komponen utama dari sabun. </span></span></div><h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium sulfit Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> SO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub> </h3><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini terutama digunakan dalam industri pulp dan kertas.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan dalam pengolahan air sebagai agen scavenger oksigen, dalam industri fotografi untuk melindungi solusi dan pengembang dari oksidasi (sebagai solusi jelas hipo) untuk mencuci fixer (sodium tiosulfat) dari emulsi film dan foto-kertas, di industri tekstil sebagai sebuah pemutihan , sebagai desulfurizing dan sebagai agen dechlorinating dan dalam perdagangan kulit untuk penyamakan sulfitization ekstrak.</span></span></div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga digunakan sebagai pengawet untuk mencegah buah kering dari perubahan warna, dan untuk daging melestarikan. </span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sodium thiopental C </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">11</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">17</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> N </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> S</span></span></h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Thiopental adalah barbiturat bertindak ultra-pendek dan ini paling sering digunakan dalam tahap induksi anestesi umum.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Setelah suntikan intravena obat cepat mencapai otak dan menyebabkan ketidaksadaran dalam waktu 30-45 detik.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada satu menit, obat mencapai konsentrasi puncak sekitar 60% dari total dosis otak.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Setelah itu, obat mendistribusikan ke seluruh tubuh dan dalam hitungan menit sekitar 5-10 konsentrasi yang cukup rendah dalam otak sehingga kembali kesadaran.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Seiring dengan pankuronium bromida dan klorida kalium, thiopental digunakan di 37 negara bagian AS untuk mengeksekusi tahanan dengan suntikan mematikan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebuah dosis tinggi diberikan yang menempatkan pasien menjadi koma cepat induksi.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Eksekusi dengan menggunakan kombinasi obat tiga biasanya efektif dalam sekitar 10 menit, tetapi telah dikenal untuk mengambil beberapa kali panjang ini.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Penggunaan thiopental saja diduga menyebabkan kematian pada sekitar 45 menit.</span></span><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Thiopental masih digunakan di beberapa tempat sebagai serum kebenaran.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Para barbiturat obat sebagai penurunan kelas yang lebih tinggi fungsi otak kortikal.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Psikiater berhipotesis bahwa berbohong adalah lebih kompleks daripada kebenaran, penindasan fungsi kortikal yang lebih tinggi dapat menyebabkan pengungkapan "kebenaran" karena "kebenaran" secara teoritis akan lebih kompleks.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium thiopental Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> P </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span></span></sub> </h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi seperti pengawet untuk makanan laut, daging, unggas dan makanan hewan peliharaan.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini juga digunakan dalam pasta gigi dan sebagai pembangun dalam sabun dan deterjen, meningkatkan kemampuan pembersihan mereka.</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi Sodium </span></span></h3><b><i><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi dengan air </span></span></i></b><br />
<div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">logam Natrium bereaksi cepat dengan air untuk membentuk larutan tak berwarna natrium hidroksida dan gas hidrogen.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan reaksi eksotermik, logam natrium mungkin menjadi begitu panas sehingga terbakar dan membakar dengan warna oranye yang khas.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi lebih lambat dari pada kalium tapi lebih cepat dibandingkan lithium.</span></span><br />
<div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + 2H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(l)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> 2NaOH </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(aq)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub> </div><div><i><b><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi dengan udara</span></span></b></i> </div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Permukaan mengkilat dari natrium timbul keraguan akan menjadi kusam karena reaksi udara dan kelembaban.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketika natrium terbakar di udara hasilnya adalah natrium peroksida putih bersama-sama dengan beberapa oksida natrium putih.</span></span></div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> 2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub> </div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> 2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (s)</span></span></sub> </div><div><i><b><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi dengan halogen </span></span></b></i></div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium bereaksi keras dengan semua halogen untuk membentuk halida natrium. </span></span></div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + F </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> NaF </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub> </div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + Cl </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> NaCl </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub> </div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + Br </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> NaBr </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub> </div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + I </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> Nai </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub> </div><div><b><i><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi dengan asam </span></span></i></b></div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Natrium mudah larut dalam cairan asam sulfat untuk membentuk larutan yang mengandung Na (I) ion dan gas hidrogen. </span></span><br />
<div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> SO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4 (aq) </span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> 2 dan </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">+ </span></span></sup><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(aq)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + SO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">4 </span></span></sub><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 - </span></span></sup><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(aq)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub> </div><div><b><i><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi dengan basa </span></span></i></b></div><div><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">logam Natrium bereaksi cepat dengan air untuk membentuk larutan tak berwarna natrium hidroksida dan gas hidrogen.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan reaksi eksotermik, logam natrium mungkin menjadi begitu panas sehingga terbakar dan membakar dengan warna oranye yang khas.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Reaksi lebih lambat dari pada kalium tapi lebih cepat dibandingkan lithium.</span></span></div><div align="center"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 dan </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + 2H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> O </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(l)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> -> 2NaOH </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(aq)</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> + H </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2 (g)</span></span></sub> <br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kejadian Sodium </span></span></h3><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada akhir abad ke-19, natrium kimia disusun oleh pemanasan natrium karbonat dengan karbon sampai 1100 ° C. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Na </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> CO </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> (Liquid) + 2C (padat, Ups) -> 2Na (uap) + 3CO (gas)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sekarang diproduksi secara komersial melalui elektrolisis natrium klorida cair.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal ini dilakukan dalam sel Downs di mana NaCl dicampur dengan kalsium klorida untuk menurunkan titik lebur di bawah 700 </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">o</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> C.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Seperti kalsium kurang elektronegatif dari sodium, kalsium tidak akan terbentuk di katoda.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Metode ini lebih murah daripada proses Castner sebelumnya mengelektrolisis sodium hidroksida.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sangat natrium murni dapat diisolasi oleh dekomposisi termal dari azida natrium (NaN </span></span><sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></sub><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Isotop Sodium </span></span></h3><div style="text-align: left;"><i><b><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">22</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> The [11 neutron]</span></span></b> </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kelimpahan: sintetis </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Setengah hidup: 2,602 tahun [beta +] </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Decay Energi: 0,546 MeV </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Meluruh ke </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">22</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Ne.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Setengah hidup: 2,602 tahun [Electron Capture] </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Decay Energi:?</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">MeV</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Meluruh ke </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">22</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Ne.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Setengah hidup: 2,602 tahun [Gamma Radiasi] </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Decay Energi: 1,2745 MeV </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Meluruh ke?. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><i><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">23</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> The [12 neutron]</span></span></i></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Kelimpahan: 100% </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Stabil dengan 12 neutron </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Paparan radiasi neutron akut (misalnya, dari kecelakaan kekritisan nuklir) mengkonversi beberapa stabil </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">23</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Na dalam plasma darah manusia untuk </span></span><sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">24</span></span></sup><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Na.</span> <span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border: 0pt none; display: inline; font-size: 100%; margin: 0pt; outline-color: -moz-use-text-color; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0pt; padding: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Dengan mengukur konsentrasi isotop ini, neutron radiasi dosis untuk korban dapat dihitung.</span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>iieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1741848241115890991.post-38818039226119222842011-06-10T02:15:00.000-07:002011-06-10T02:15:14.215-07:00salah satu contoh efek samping dan cara mengatasi obat anti jamur<h1 class="book-heading"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Kandidiasis (Thrush)</span></h1>Kandidiasis adalah infeksi oportunistik yang sangat umum pada orang dengan HIV. Infeksi ini disebabkan oleh sejenis jamur yang umum, yang disebut kandida. Jamur ini, semacam ragi, ditemukan di tubuh kebanyakan orang. Sistim kekebalan tubuh yang sehat dapat mengendalikan jamur ini. Jamur ini biasa menyebabkan penyakit pada mulut, tenggorokan dan vagina. Infeksi oportunistik ini dapat terjadi beberapa bulan atau tahun sebelum infeksi oportunistik lain yang lebih berat.<br />
Pada mulut, penyakit ini disebut thrush. Bila infeksi menyebar lebih dalam pada tenggorokan, penyakit yang timbul disebut esofagitis. Gejalanya adalah gumpalan putih kecil seperti busa, atau bintik merah. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan sakit tenggorokan, sulit menelan, mual, dan hilang nafsu makan.<br />
Kandidiasis berbeda dengan sariawan, walaupun orang awan sering menyebutnya sebagai sariawan.<br />
Kandidiasis pada vagina disebut vaginitis. Penyakit ini sangat umum ditemukan. Gejala vaginitis termasuk gatal, rasa bakar dan keluarnya cairan kental putih.<br />
<br />
<h3><b>Apakah kandidiasis dapat dicegah?</b></h3>Tidak ada cara untuk mencegah terpajan kandida. Obat-obatan tidak biasa dipakai untuk mencegah kandidiasis. Ada beberapa alasan:<br />
<ul><li>Penyakit tersebut tidak begitu berbahaya</li>
<li>Ada obat-obatan yang efektif untuk mengobati penyakit tersebut</li>
<li>Ragi dapat menjadi kebal (resisten) terhadap obat-obatan</li>
</ul>Memperkuat sistem kekebalan tubuh dengan terapi antiretroviral (ART) adalah cara terbaik untuk mencegah terjadinya kandidiasis.<br />
<br />
<h3><b>Bagaimana cara mengobati kandidiasis?</b></h3>Sistem kekebalan tubuh yang sehat dapat menjaga supaya kandida tetap seimbang. Bakteri yang biasa ada di tubuh juga dapat membantu mengendalikan kandida. Beberapa antibiotik membunuh bakteri pengendali ini dan dapat menyebabkan kandidiasis. Mengobati kandidiasis tidak dapat memberantas raginya. Pengobatan akan mengendalikan jamur agar tidak berlebihan.<br />
Pengobatan dapat lokal atau sistemik. Pengobatan lokal diberikan pada tempat infeksi. Pengobatan sistemik mempengaruhi seluruh tubuh. Banyak dokter lebih senang memakai pengobatan lokal terlebih dahulu. Ini menimbulkan lebih sedikit efek samping dibanding pengobatan sistemik. Selain itu risiko kandida menjadi resistan terhadap obat lebih rendah.<br />
Obat-obatan yang dipakai untuk memerangi kandida adalah obat antijamur. Hampir semua namanya diakhiri dengan '-azol'.<br />
Pengobatan lokal termasuk:<br />
<ul><li>olesan</li>
<li>supositoria yang dipakai untuk mengobati vaginitis</li>
<li>cairan lozenge yang dilarutkan dalam mulut</li>
</ul>Pengobatan lokal dapat menyebabkan rasa pedas atau gangguan setempat.<br />
Pengobatan yang paling murah untuk kandidiasis mulut adalah gentian violet; obat ini dioleskan di tempat ada lesi (jamur) tiga kali sehari selama 14 hari. Obat yang sangat murah ini dapat diperoleh dari puskesmas atau apotek tanpa resep.<br />
Pengobatan sistemik diperlukan jika pengobatan lokal tidak berhasil, atau jika infeksi menyebar pada tenggorokan (esofagitis). Beberapa obat sistemik tersedia dalam bentuk pil.<br />
Efek samping yang paling umum adalah mual, muntah dan sakit perut. Kurang dari 20 persen orang mengalami efek samping ini.<br />
Kandidiasis dapat kambuhan. Beberapa dokter meresepkan obat anti-jamur jangka panjang. Ini dapat menyebabkan resistansi. Ragi dapat bermutasi sehingga obat tersebut tidak lagi berhasil.<br />
Beberapa kasus parah tidak menanggapi obat-obatan lain. Amfoterisin B mungkin dipakai. Obat ini yang sangat manjur dan beracun, dan diberi secara intravena (disuntik). Efek samping utama obat ini adalah masalah ginjal dan anemia (kurang darah merah). Reaksi lain termasuk demam, panas dingin, mual, muntah dan sakit kepala. Reaksi ini biasa membaik setelah beberapa dosis pertama.<br />
<br />
<h3><b>Terapi Alamiah</b></h3>Beberapa terapi non-obat tampaknya membantu. Terapi tersebut belum diteliti dengan hati-hati untuk membuktikan hasilnya.<br />
<ul><li>Mengurangi penggunaan gula.</li>
<li>Minum teh Pau d'Arco. Ini dibuat dari kulit pohon Amerika Selatan.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi bawang putih mentah atau suplemen bawang putih. Bawang putih diketahui mempunyai efek anti-jamur dan antibakteri. Namun bawang putih dapat mengganggu obat protease inhibitor.</li>
<li>Kumur dengan minyak pohon teh (tea tree oil) yang dilarutkan dengan air.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi kapsul laktobasilus (asidofilus), atau makan yoghurt dengan bakteri ini. Mungkin ada manfaatnya setelah mengkonsumsi antibiotik.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi suplemen gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) dan biotin. Dua suplemen ini tampaknya membantu memperlambat penyebaran kandida. GLA ditemukan pada beberapa minyak yang dipres dingin. Biotin adalah jenis vitamin B.</li>
</ul><br />
<h3><b>Kesimpulan</b></h3>Kandidiasis adalah penyakit jamur (ragi) yang sangat umum. Jamur ini biasa hidup dalam tubuh. Jamur tersebut tidak dapat diberantas. Cara terbaik untuk menghindari terjadinya kandidiasis adalah dengan memperkuat sistem kekebalan tubuh melalui penggunaan terapi antiretroviral.<br />
Sebagian besar penyakit kandidiasis dapat diobati secara mudah dengan terapi lokal. Pada orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah, penyakit ini menjadi lebih sering terjadi. Obat-obatan antijamur sistemik dapat dipakai, tetapi kandida mungkin menjadi resistan terhadapnya. Obat anti-jamur yang paling manjur, amfoterisin B, dapat menimbulkan efek samping yang parah.<br />
Beberapa terapi alam tampaknya memberi manfaat untuk mengendalikan infeksi kandida.iieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1741848241115890991.post-44564137965062478582011-06-10T02:13:00.000-07:002011-06-10T02:13:19.528-07:00salah satu contoh efek samping dan cara mengatasi obat anti jamur<h1 class="book-heading">Kandidiasis (Thrush)</h1>Kandidiasis adalah infeksi oportunistik yang sangat umum pada orang dengan HIV. Infeksi ini disebabkan oleh sejenis jamur yang umum, yang disebut kandida. Jamur ini, semacam ragi, ditemukan di tubuh kebanyakan orang. Sistim kekebalan tubuh yang sehat dapat mengendalikan jamur ini. Jamur ini biasa menyebabkan penyakit pada mulut, tenggorokan dan vagina. Infeksi oportunistik ini dapat terjadi beberapa bulan atau tahun sebelum infeksi oportunistik lain yang lebih berat.<br />
Pada mulut, penyakit ini disebut thrush. Bila infeksi menyebar lebih dalam pada tenggorokan, penyakit yang timbul disebut esofagitis. Gejalanya adalah gumpalan putih kecil seperti busa, atau bintik merah. Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan sakit tenggorokan, sulit menelan, mual, dan hilang nafsu makan.<br />
Kandidiasis berbeda dengan sariawan, walaupun orang awan sering menyebutnya sebagai sariawan.<br />
Kandidiasis pada vagina disebut vaginitis. Penyakit ini sangat umum ditemukan. Gejala vaginitis termasuk gatal, rasa bakar dan keluarnya cairan kental putih.<br />
<br />
<h3><b>Apakah kandidiasis dapat dicegah?</b></h3>Tidak ada cara untuk mencegah terpajan kandida. Obat-obatan tidak biasa dipakai untuk mencegah kandidiasis. Ada beberapa alasan:<br />
<ul><li>Penyakit tersebut tidak begitu berbahaya</li>
<li>Ada obat-obatan yang efektif untuk mengobati penyakit tersebut</li>
<li>Ragi dapat menjadi kebal (resisten) terhadap obat-obatan</li>
</ul>Memperkuat sistem kekebalan tubuh dengan terapi antiretroviral (ART) adalah cara terbaik untuk mencegah terjadinya kandidiasis.<br />
<br />
<h3><b>Bagaimana cara mengobati kandidiasis?</b></h3>Sistem kekebalan tubuh yang sehat dapat menjaga supaya kandida tetap seimbang. Bakteri yang biasa ada di tubuh juga dapat membantu mengendalikan kandida. Beberapa antibiotik membunuh bakteri pengendali ini dan dapat menyebabkan kandidiasis. Mengobati kandidiasis tidak dapat memberantas raginya. Pengobatan akan mengendalikan jamur agar tidak berlebihan.<br />
Pengobatan dapat lokal atau sistemik. Pengobatan lokal diberikan pada tempat infeksi. Pengobatan sistemik mempengaruhi seluruh tubuh. Banyak dokter lebih senang memakai pengobatan lokal terlebih dahulu. Ini menimbulkan lebih sedikit efek samping dibanding pengobatan sistemik. Selain itu risiko kandida menjadi resistan terhadap obat lebih rendah.<br />
Obat-obatan yang dipakai untuk memerangi kandida adalah obat antijamur. Hampir semua namanya diakhiri dengan '-azol'.<br />
Pengobatan lokal termasuk:<br />
<ul><li>olesan</li>
<li>supositoria yang dipakai untuk mengobati vaginitis</li>
<li>cairan lozenge yang dilarutkan dalam mulut</li>
</ul>Pengobatan lokal dapat menyebabkan rasa pedas atau gangguan setempat.<br />
Pengobatan yang paling murah untuk kandidiasis mulut adalah gentian violet; obat ini dioleskan di tempat ada lesi (jamur) tiga kali sehari selama 14 hari. Obat yang sangat murah ini dapat diperoleh dari puskesmas atau apotek tanpa resep.<br />
Pengobatan sistemik diperlukan jika pengobatan lokal tidak berhasil, atau jika infeksi menyebar pada tenggorokan (esofagitis). Beberapa obat sistemik tersedia dalam bentuk pil.<br />
Efek samping yang paling umum adalah mual, muntah dan sakit perut. Kurang dari 20 persen orang mengalami efek samping ini.<br />
Kandidiasis dapat kambuhan. Beberapa dokter meresepkan obat anti-jamur jangka panjang. Ini dapat menyebabkan resistansi. Ragi dapat bermutasi sehingga obat tersebut tidak lagi berhasil.<br />
Beberapa kasus parah tidak menanggapi obat-obatan lain. Amfoterisin B mungkin dipakai. Obat ini yang sangat manjur dan beracun, dan diberi secara intravena (disuntik). Efek samping utama obat ini adalah masalah ginjal dan anemia (kurang darah merah). Reaksi lain termasuk demam, panas dingin, mual, muntah dan sakit kepala. Reaksi ini biasa membaik setelah beberapa dosis pertama.<br />
<br />
<h3><b>Terapi Alamiah</b></h3>Beberapa terapi non-obat tampaknya membantu. Terapi tersebut belum diteliti dengan hati-hati untuk membuktikan hasilnya.<br />
<ul><li>Mengurangi penggunaan gula.</li>
<li>Minum teh Pau d'Arco. Ini dibuat dari kulit pohon Amerika Selatan.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi bawang putih mentah atau suplemen bawang putih. Bawang putih diketahui mempunyai efek anti-jamur dan antibakteri. Namun bawang putih dapat mengganggu obat protease inhibitor.</li>
<li>Kumur dengan minyak pohon teh (tea tree oil) yang dilarutkan dengan air.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi kapsul laktobasilus (asidofilus), atau makan yoghurt dengan bakteri ini. Mungkin ada manfaatnya setelah mengkonsumsi antibiotik.</li>
<li>Mengkonsumsi suplemen gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) dan biotin. Dua suplemen ini tampaknya membantu memperlambat penyebaran kandida. GLA ditemukan pada beberapa minyak yang dipres dingin. Biotin adalah jenis vitamin B.</li>
</ul><br />
<h3><b>Kesimpulan</b></h3>Kandidiasis adalah penyakit jamur (ragi) yang sangat umum. Jamur ini biasa hidup dalam tubuh. Jamur tersebut tidak dapat diberantas. Cara terbaik untuk menghindari terjadinya kandidiasis adalah dengan memperkuat sistem kekebalan tubuh melalui penggunaan terapi antiretroviral.<br />
Sebagian besar penyakit kandidiasis dapat diobati secara mudah dengan terapi lokal. Pada orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah, penyakit ini menjadi lebih sering terjadi. Obat-obatan antijamur sistemik dapat dipakai, tetapi kandida mungkin menjadi resistan terhadapnya. Obat anti-jamur yang paling manjur, amfoterisin B, dapat menimbulkan efek samping yang parah.<br />
Beberapa terapi alam tampaknya memberi manfaat untuk mengendalikan infeksi kandida.iieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1741848241115890991.post-84131163470786463632011-06-10T01:34:00.000-07:002011-06-10T01:37:17.603-07:00indikasi dan kontra indikasi beberapa obat anti jamur<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div align="center" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span class="style2" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>BENOSON M Cream</strong></span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
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<div align="justify" class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">INDIKASI :</span></strong></span></b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div align="justify" class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Meringankan inflamasi dari dematosis yang responsif terhadap kortikosteroid (benoson krim)</span></span></div><div style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" valign="top" width="9%"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*</span></span></td><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" width="91%"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bila inflamasi disertai infeksi bakteri sekunder dan jamur (Benoson N krim) atau gentamicin (Benoson G krim)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" valign="top"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*</span></span></td><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bila inflamasi disertai infeksi jamur (Benoson M Krim)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" valign="top"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*</span></span></td><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bila inflamasi disertai infeksi bakteri sekunder dan jamur (Benoson V krim)</span></span></td></tr>
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</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">KONTRA INDIKASI :</span></strong></span></div><div style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" valign="top" width="9%"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-</span></span></td><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" width="91%"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sensitivitas terhadap setiap komponen.</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" valign="top"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-</span></span></td><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Herpes simplex, vaccinia, varicella, chickenpox, tuberkulosis kulit.</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;" valign="top"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-</span></span></td><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rosacea, akne vulgaris dan perioral dermatitis, perianal dan gatal pada alat kelamin, erupsi napkin dan infeksi virus.<br />
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<tr><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div align="center" class="style2" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">BRENTAN OINT</span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal;"><strong>KONTRA INDIKASI</strong><br />
<br />
Penyakit tuberkulosis kulit, herpes simplex, vaksmia, semua<br />
bentuk varisela.<br />
Sensitif terhadap zat-zat aktif dalam ointment.<br />
Teknik oklusif pada penderita dermatitis atopik.</span></span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></strong><br />
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<tr><td style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><div align="center" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><span class="style2" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"><strong>CANESTEN CREAM 3 GR</strong></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
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<div align="justify" class="style1" style="font-family: tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></span></strong></div><strong><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>INDIKASI :</strong></span></span></span></strong><br />
<br />
Canesten untuk pengobatan topikal dari candidiasi, yang disebabkan oleh candida albicans, pityriasis versicolor yang disebabkan oleh tricophyton rubrum,trycophyton mentagrophytes,Epidermophyton floccosom dan microsporum canis.Digunakan untuk ruam popok.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><strong>CANESTEN CREAM 5 GR</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><strong>INDIKASI :</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
Canesten untuk pengobatan topikal dari candidiasi, yang disebabkan oleh candida albicans, pityriasis versicolor yang disebabkan oleh tricophyton rubrum,trycophyton mentagrophytes,Epidermophyton floccosom dan microsporum canis.Digunakan untuk ruam popok.</span></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><strong>DAKTARIN ORAL GEL 10 GR</strong></span></span></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>INDIKASI :</strong><br />
Pengobatan kreatif dan profilaksis terhadap kandidosis pada mulut, rongga oropharyngeal dan saluran pencernaan.</span></strong></span></span></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><br />
</span></strong></span></div></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>iieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1741848241115890991.post-29822123046407506452011-06-03T07:42:00.000-07:002011-06-03T07:42:02.940-07:00obat anti jamur<span style="font-weight: bold;">A. Obat Anti jamur</span><br />
Obat antijamur adalah senyawa yang digunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh jamur.<br />
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<b>B. Jamur</b><br />
Sebuah jamur adalah anggota kelompok besar eukariotik organisme yang meliputi mikroorganisme seperti ragi dan jamur, serta lebih akrab jamur. Kadang disebt juga Fungi yang diklasifikasikan sebagai sebuah kerajaan yang terpisah dari tanaman, hewan dan bakteri. Salah satu perbedaan utama adalah bahwa sel-sel jamur memiliki dinding sel yang mengandung kitin, tidak seperti dinding sel tumbuhan, yang mengandung selulosa. Ini dan perbedaan lainnya menunjukkan bahwa jamur membentuk kelompok satu organisme yang terkait, bernama Eumycota (benar jamur atau Eumycetes), yang berbagi nenek moyang (a monophyletic group). Kelompok jamur ini berbeda dari yang secara struktural mirip jamur lendir (myxomycetes) dan jamur air (Oomycetes).<br />
Disiplin biologi yang ditujukan untuk mempelajari jamur ini dikenal sebagai ilmu jamur, yang sering dianggap sebagai cabang botani, meskipun penelitian genetik menunjukkan bahwa jamur yang lebih dekat dengan binatang daripada tumbuhan. Berlimpah di seluruh dunia, kebanyakan fungi tidak mencolok karena ukuran kecil struktur mereka, dan mereka samar gaya hidup di tanah, pada benda mati, dan sebagai symbionts tanaman, hewan, atau jamur lain. Mereka mungkin menjadi terlihat ketika berbuah, baik sebagai jamur atau cetakan. Jamur melakukan suatu peran penting dalam dekomposisi materi organik dan memiliki peran penting dalam siklus hara dan pertukaran. . Mereka telah lama digunakan sebagai sumber makanan langsung, seperti jamur dan cendawan, sebagai ragi roti agen, dan di fermentasi berbagai produk makanan, seperti anggur, bir, dan kecap.. Sejak tahun 1940-an, jamur telah digunakan untuk produksi antibiotik, dan, baru-baru ini, berbagai enzim yang diproduksi oleh jamur digunakan industri dan deterjen.. Jamur juga digunakan sebagai agen biologi untuk mengendalikan gulma dan hama. Banyak spesies menghasilkan bioaktif senyawa yang disebut mycotoxins, seperti alkaloid dan polyketides, yang beracun untuk hewan termasuk manusia. Struktur yang berbuah beberapa spesies mengandung psikotropika senyawa dan dikonsumsi recreationally atau tradisional upacara spiritual. Jamur dapat mematahkan dibuat bahan dan bangunan, dan menjadi signifikan patogen manusia dan hewan lainnya. Kerugian tanaman akibat jamur penyakit (misalnya penyakit ledakan beras) atau makanan busuk dapat memiliki dampak besar manusia pasokan makanan dan ekonomi lokal. Kerajaan jamur meliputi keragaman besar taksa dengan bervariasi ekologi, siklus hidup strategi, dan morfologi mulai dari perairan bersel tunggal chytrids jamur besar. Namun, sedikit yang diketahui tentang benar keanekaragaman hayati dari Kerajaan Jamur, yang telah diperkirakan sekitar 1,5 juta spesies, dengan sekitar 5% dari ini telah secara resmi diklasifikasikan.<br />
Perintis sejak 18 dan abad ke-19 taxonomical karya Carl Linnaeus, Hendrik Kristen persoon, dan Elias Magnus Fries, jamur telah diklasifikasikan menurut morfologi (misalnya, karakteristik seperti warna atau mikroskopis spora fitur) atau fisiologi. Kemajuan dalam genetika molekuler telah membuka jalan bagi analisis DNA untuk dimasukkan ke dalam taksonomi, yang kadang-kadang menantang sejarah pengelompokan berdasarkan morfologi dan sifat-sifat lainnya. Filogenetik penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam dekade terakhir telah membantu membentuk kembali klasifikasi Kerajaan Jamur, yang terbagi menjadi satu Subkerajaan, tujuh filum, dan sepuluh SubfilumiieDhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07108036910929673945noreply@blogger.com0